Everybody has been understood that a research can be gone further for the sake of expanding of knowledge after it is related to the previous study. In other words, a researcher has to trace back the knowledge through reading to certain literatures. The discussion of having review of related literature becomes crucial in a research and understanding about plagiarism is another strand of it.
A. The Role of Related Literature
Ary, Donald.et.al (2002:64) have summarized seven roles having review of related literature as:
1. A knowledge of related research enables investigators to define the frontiers of their field, means that a research should not waste their time by conducting a research that had been proven.
2. A thorough review of related theory and research enables researchers to place their questions in perspective. This enables a researcher links between her study and the body of knowledge in her field.
3. Reviewing related literature helps research question and to clarify and define the concepts of the study. The literature review helps in clarifying the constructs involved in the study and translating it into operational definitions.
4. A critical review of related literature often leads to insight into the reasons for contradictory results in an area.
5. Through studying related research, investigators learn which methodologies have proven useful and which seems less promising.
6. A thorough search through related research avoids unintentional replication of previous studies.
7. The study of related literature places researchers in a better position to interpret the significance of their own result.
B. Where to Find It?
Actually, every written source can be addressed as the source of literature. In order to do this, a researcher should be familiar with the access to this source, both manual such as library, government office and electronics such as internet or on-line data base.
- Definition of Plagiarism
Northwestern's "Principles Regarding Academic Integrity" defines plagiarism as "submitting material that in part or whole is not entirely one's own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source." Also, Plagiarism is using the words or ideas of others and presenting them as your own. Simply, we can say that plagiarism in written context means any kind of saying, idea or statement that we claim to be ours in fact it is not. The phenomenon in the field is that a researcher sometimes carelessly does citing and plagiarism unintentionally. Thus, we should be aware of it.
- Kinds of Plagiarism
A researcher needs to know kinds of plagiarism to avoid committing it, thus penalty can be avoided as well.
Here is a common form of plagiarism:
1. Downloading an assignment from an online source and submitting it as your own work.
2. Buying, stealing or borrowing an assignment and submitting it as your own work.
3. Copying a section of a book or an article and submitting it as your own work.
Quoting from a source 'word for word', without using quotation marks is plagiarism.
4. Copying, cutting and pasting text from an electronic source and submitting it as your own work.
5. Using the words of someone else and presenting them as your own.
6. Using significant ideas from someone else and presenting them as your own.
Putting someone else's ideas into your own words and not acknowledging the source of the ideas is plagiarism.
7. Copying the written expressions of someone else without proper acknowledgement.
Lifting sentences or paragraphs from someone else, even with proper acknowledgement, gives the impression that the idea or information comes from the source cited, but that the phrasing, the choice of words to express it, is your own contribution.
8. Relying too much on other people's material
Avoid repeated use of long quotations. Too many direct quotations (even with quotation marks and with proper acknowledgement) result in your sources speaking for you, meaning your own contribution is minimal. Use your own words more and rely less on quotations.
Avoid repeated use of long quotations. Too many direct quotations (even with quotation marks and with proper acknowledgement) result in your sources speaking for you, meaning your own contribution is minimal. Use your own words more and rely less on quotations.
- How to Avoid Plagiarism?
After knowing kinds of plagiarism, a researcher also needs to know ways that can be done to avoid plagiarism. Every professors or institution has its own policy how a researcher deals with plagiarism. Thus, she needs to know it well. The two most commonly used attribution systems—Modern Language Association (MLA) and American Psychological Association (APA)-- consist of two parts: (a) a reference or works cited list at the end of the document, giving precise information about how to find a source and (b) parenthetical citations immediately following the material you are citing.
There are four simple ways to avoid plagiarism, namely quoting, paraphrasing, summarizing and referencing.
Quoting occurs when a researcher using the idea and the words of others. It is divided into direct and indirect quoting. Direct quoting refers to quotation which consists of less than 40 words and it is written between quotation marks and inserted in the paragraph. Hudson (2011:50) in his book gives an example how to do direct quoting.
For instance:
James McClelland, David Rumelhart, and several other researchers with the appellation “The PDP (parallel distributed processing) Research Group’ have develop ‘an alternative framework for viewing cognitive phenomena” (Rumelhart, Smolensky, et.al. 1986:7).
Another way of quoting is indirect quoting which only occurs when a researcher quotes more than 40 words and it is written with no quotation mark, indented and single space. Hudson (2011:50) also did indirect quotation.
For instance:
Perfetti, 1991:34)
The second way is paraphrasing. It is used when a researcher expressing the same ideas but different words; same amount of text. In paraphrasing, a researcher only cites the name of the original author, the year and the page of the book. Brown (2007:134) gives an example on paraphrasing.
For instance:
The seemingly clear dichotomy between ESL and EFL, however, has been considerably muddied in recent years with the increasing use of English worldwide for a variety of purposes (Nayar, 1997).
Widiati (2011:30) gives three criteria to determine a good paraphrase, accurate (the ideas are the same as in the source), original (the language use is different from the source) and grammatical.
Another way of writing other sources is using summarize. Summarizing is restating the same ideas in much less text. It is quite the same with paraphrasing in terms of restating the same ideas using own words, but it is consider to be different as summarize should be shorter than the original text. A researcher should remember that in summarizing, she must not write her response to the ideas.
- Writing Reference
Reference is a list of books, articles, papers, or others that is directly and indirectly quoted by a researcher. Materials that a researcher reads but doesn’t quoted in the research are not listed.
Mainly, list of references are listed based on alphabetic order. Reference is written based on a certain order, including (1) author/writer: surname, initial name, middle name, without academic addressee, (2) year of publication, (3) title, including sub-title, (4) city of publication, and (5) publisher.
References
Ary, Donald.et.al. 2007. Introduction to Research in Education (6thEdn). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Brown, Douglas.H. 2007. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy (3thEdn). New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Hudson, Thom. 2011. Teaching Second Language Reading (5thEdn). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Universitas Negeri Malang. 2010. Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah (5thEdn). Malang: UM Press
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